Hepatitis B: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Definition
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver, caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can lead to both acute and chronic liver disease, potentially resulting in liver failure, cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
Types
Hepatitis B can be categorized into two main types:
- Acute Hepatitis B: A short-term infection that occurs within the first six months after exposure to HBV. Most adults recover fully from acute hepatitis B.
- Chronic Hepatitis B: A long-term infection where the virus remains in the body for more than six months. Chronic hepatitis B can lead to serious liver complications over time.
Causes & Risk Factors
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids. Risk factors include:
- Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
- Sharing needles or syringes
- Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth
- Exposure to infected blood or open sores
- Living with someone who has chronic hepatitis B
- Traveling to or living in areas with high HBV prevalence
Pathophysiology
HBV infects liver cells (hepatocytes), leading to inflammation and potential liver damage. The body's immune response to the infection plays a critical role in the severity and progression of the disease. Chronic infection can result in continuous inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Symptoms
Symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain, particularly in the upper right side
- Dark urine
- Pale stool
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Joint pain
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hepatitis B is made through blood tests that detect HBV antigens and antibodies, as well as assess liver function. Common tests include:
- HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)
- Anti-HBs (Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen)
- HBcAg (Hepatitis B core antigen)
- Liver function tests (ALT, AST)
Management & Treatment
Treatment for hepatitis B depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis B generally does not require antiviral treatment, while chronic hepatitis B may necessitate long-term therapy to reduce viral load and prevent liver damage. Medications used include:
- Antiviral drugs (e.g., entecavir, tenofovir)
- Interferon injections
Regular monitoring of liver function and HBV DNA levels is essential for managing chronic hepatitis B.
Transmission
Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva. Common modes of transmission include sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
Complications
Chronic hepatitis B can lead to severe liver complications, such as:
- Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
- Liver failure
- Liver cancer
- Kidney disease
- Vascular complications
Prevention
Prevention of hepatitis B is primarily through vaccination. The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective and recommended for all infants, unvaccinated children, and adults at risk. Additional preventive measures include:
- Practicing safe sex
- Using sterile needles and syringes
- Avoiding sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes
- Screening blood donations
- Implementing universal precautions in healthcare settings
FAQs
What is the main cause of hepatitis B?
The main cause of hepatitis B is infection with the hepatitis B virus, which spreads through contact with infected body fluids.
How is hepatitis B diagnosed?
Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect viral antigens and antibodies, along with liver function tests to assess liver damage.
Can hepatitis B be cured?
While there is no cure for chronic hepatitis B, antiviral medications can help manage the infection and reduce the risk of liver damage.
Is hepatitis B contagious?
Yes, hepatitis B is highly contagious and can be spread through contact with infected body fluids, including blood, semen, and saliva.
How can I prevent hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B can be prevented through vaccination, practicing safe sex, using sterile needles, and avoiding sharing personal items that may come into contact with blood.