Stomach Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide
1. Definition
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is the growth of cancerous cells within the lining of the stomach.
2. Types
There are several types of stomach cancer:
- Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for about 90-95% of all cases.
- Stromal tumors (GISTs): Gastrointestinal stromal tumors can also start in the stomach, but they are rare.
- Lymphoma: Lymphoma can start in the stomach, but it is rare.
- Carcinoid tumors: These tumors are rare and can also start in the stomach.
3. Causes & Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer:
- Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria
- Chronic inflammation of the stomach (gastritis)
- Smoking
- Obesity
- A diet high in salted, smoked, or pickled foods
- Family history of stomach cancer
- Age (most stomach cancers occur in people over the age of 60)
- Previous stomach surgery
- Exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos or coal products
4. Pathophysiology
Stomach cancer typically begins in the mucosa, the innermost layer of the stomach, and can grow into the deeper layers over time. It can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other organs.
5. Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer may include:
- Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially above the navel
- Nausea and vomiting, particularly vomiting blood
- Bloating after meals
- Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
- Heartburn or indigestion
- Unexplained weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Weakness and fatigue
6. Diagnosis
Diagnosing stomach cancer may involve:
- Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is passed down the throat to examine the stomach.
- Biopsy: Removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope to confirm cancer.
- Imaging tests: CT scan, MRI, ultrasound to visualize the stomach and detect tumors.
- Blood tests: Tests for tumor markers or other substances that may indicate cancer.
7. Management & Treatment
Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer:
- Surgery: Removal of the tumor and affected tissue, potentially followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth, often used in combination with other treatments.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs that attack specific abnormalities within cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Drugs that help the immune system fight cancer.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
8. Transmission
Stomach cancer is not contagious and cannot be transmitted from person to person.
9. Complications
Complications of stomach cancer and its treatment can include:
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Blockage of the stomach or intestines
- Malnutrition
- Metastasis (spread to other organs)
10. Prevention
Reducing risk factors can help prevent stomach cancer:
- Treating H. pylori infection if present
- Quit smoking
- Limit intake of smoked, salted, or pickled foods
- Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Exercise regularly
11. FAQs
Is stomach cancer curable?
The outlook for stomach cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of cancer at diagnosis and overall health. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.
What causes stomach cancer?
Stomach cancer is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Infection with H. pylori is a major risk factor.
Can stomach cancer be prevented?
Reducing risk factors such as smoking, diet, and H. pylori infection can help prevent stomach cancer.
What are the early signs of stomach cancer?
Early signs may include abdominal pain, indigestion, bloating, and unexplained weight loss.