Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): A Comprehensive Guide
1. Definition
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract—the bladder and the urethra.
2. Types
There are several types of UTIs, classified by the part of the urinary tract they affect:
- Cystitis: Infection of the bladder.
- Urethritis: Infection of the urethra.
- Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys.
3. Causes & Risk Factors
Causes: UTIs are usually caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which is found in the digestive tract. Other bacteria can also be responsible.
Risk Factors: Risk factors for developing UTIs include:
- Being female
- Sexual activity
- Certain types of birth control
- Menopause
- Urinary tract abnormalities
- Blockages in the urinary tract
- Suppressed immune system
- Use of catheters
- Recent urinary procedure
4. Pathophysiology
UTIs occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. The body's immune response can cause inflammation and symptoms. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, it can lead to more serious health issues.
5. Symptoms
Common symptoms of a UTI include:
- A strong, persistent urge to urinate <